3–[^9]: [^37] Ikram, S.

3–[^9]: [^37] Ikram, S.M, Muslim Rule in India and Pakistan (711 – [^1818]: A.C), Lahore [A. H Publishers], 1997, pp. 178 – 80. [^38] op. cit., pp. 514-16, also see Sikand, op. cit., pp. 43 – [^45]: [^39] Farangi Mahal was a mansion in Lucknow which was given to the sons of Qutubaddin Sihalvi, a compiler of the Fatawa Alamgiri, by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb.The third son of Qutbuddin Sihalvi, Mullah Nizammuddin, established a madrassa there and introduced his own scheme of studies in it.

This is commonly known as Dars-e-Nizami and the madrassa was known as Madrassa Farangi Mahal. [^40] Metcalf, Babara Daly, Islamic Revival in British India: Deoband, 1860 – 1900 , Karachi [Royal Book Company], 1982, pp. 29-[^32]: [^41] op. cit., pp..39–44 see also Mohammad Umar, Islam in Northern India during the Eighteenth Century , New Dehli [Munshiram Manohar Lal], 1993, pp. 275-[^90]: [^42] Sikand, op. cit., pp. 48–[^51]: [^43] Metcalf, op. cit., pp. 46 – [^52]: [^44] ibid.

[^45] Khalid, Saleem Mansoor, Deeni Madaris may Taalim: Kaifiat, Masael Imkanat , Islamabad [Institute of Policy Studies], 2002, pp. 96- [^97]: [^46] Nehru, Jawahar Lal, The Discovery of India , London: 1951, p.275, quoted in Foruqui Zia-ul-Hassan, The Deoband School and the Demand for Pakistan , Delhi [Asia Publishing House], 1963, pp. 11-[^12]: [^47] Hunter, W.W, The Indian Musalmans , Calcutta [The Comrade Publishers], 1945, p. [^134]: [^48] Faruqi, op. cit., p. [^14]: [^49] Sikand, op.

cit., pp. 64-[^68]: [^50] Mian, Maulana Syed Mohammad, Ulama-i-Hind ka Shandar Mazi , vol. IV, Lahore [Istiqlal Press Lahore], n.d, pp. 50-[^58]: [^51] The Wahabis were the followers of Syed Ahmad Shaheed. They were inspired by the doctrines of Abdul Wahab of Najd in the eighteenth century. In the Subcontinent this group was considered associated with socio-political thoughts of Shah Waliullah.

[^52] Nadwi, Sayyed Abul Hasan Ali, Madarise Islamiya Ka Muqam Aur Kam , Khataul [Mahad al Imam Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi], 2002, pp. 26-[^32]: [^53] Metcalf, op. cit., p. [^82]: [^54] Faruqi, op. cit., pp. 24 –[^25]: [^55] Faruqi, op. cit., p.[^103]: [^56] Metcalf, op. cit., p. [^103]: [^57] Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amirali, “Ideological Problems for Science in Pakistan,” in: Khan, Asghar (ed.), The Pakistan Experience: State and Religion , Lahore [Vanguard Books Limited], 1985, p. [^184]: [^58] Thorpe C.

Lloyd, Education and the Development of Muslim Nationalism in Pre-Partition India , Karachi [Pakistan Historical Society], 1965, p.