[^17] Akhir...

[^17] Akhir, Noor Sheikh Mat, Muhammad Azizan, “Islamic Education and Self Fortification” in: Wasay Akhtarul, (ed.), Islam and the Modern Age , Delhi [Jamia Millia Press], 2006, pp.77-[^95]: [^18] See Maslow, A. H, Towards a Psychology of Being, second edition , Princeton, 1968, p. [^41]: [^19] In al-Ghazali’s view, what should be considered as useful knowledge is that which furthers a person’s growth and contributes to eternal life. See: Akhir, op. cit., p.

[^84]: [^20] This and other such hadiths have been quoted in Jamia Tirmidhi compiled by Abu Esa Mohammad Bin Esa Al-Tirmidhi. Jamia Tirmidhi is regarded as one of the six authentic books of hadiths (Sihah-e-Sitta ) among Sunni Muslims. [^21] Muberakpuri, Qazi Athar, Khairal Qarun Ki Darsgahe Aur Unka Nizam-i-Talim , Deoband [Sheik ul Hind Academy], 1996, p.

[^87]: [^22] Sufi, G.M.D, Al-Minhaj: Being the Evolution of Culture in the Muslim Educational Institution of India , Lahore [Sheikh Muhammad Ashraf], [^1941]: p. 80. [^23] They included the four immediate successors of the Holy Prophet(PBUH). Abu Bakr (632-634), Umar (634-644), Uthman (644-656), Ali (656-661). [^24] Shah, Syed Mubark, Deeni Madaris ka Nizame Talim our us per Naqidana Nazar, M.Phil thesis, Sheikh Zyed Islamic Center, Peshawar University, n.d, pp. 55-[^60]: [^25] op. cit., p.

[^61]: [^26] Sunnis recognize four Imams i.e. Abu Hanifa, Shaafi, Malik and Hanbal while the Shia believe in twelve imams of their own. [^27] The interpretation of Qur’an and Sunnah by one of the recognized imams , also known as Islamic jurisprudence. [^28] Sikand, op. cit., pp 11–[^12]: [^29] op. cit., pp. 13 – [^15]: [^30] Http// www. Wikipedia.com, retrieved on June 9, [^2008]: [^31] Khwaja, Abu Ali Hassan, popularly known as Nizam Ul Mulk, was born in a village near Mashhad in Iran.

He rose to become the prime minister of the Suljuk Turk Sultan Alp Arsalan. The system of madrasahs he established, was known as Nizamiya after his name. For more details see Ali Sayeed Rizwan, Nizam-ul-Mulk : Ek Azim Muffakir, Muddabir, Montazim Aur Mahiri Siyasat , [Karachi University], [^1995]: [^32] Sikand, op. cit., pp. 26 –[^27]: [^33] Sikand, op. cit., pp. 28 – [^31]: [^34] Khan, Mohammad Hamid Uddin, History of Muslim Education , vol. 1 (712 – 1750 AD).

Karachi [Academy of Educational Research], 1967–68, pp.45–50, also see Shah, op. cit., pp.155- [^56]: [^35] Sikand op. cit., pp. 40-[^42]: [^36] Khan, op. cit., pp.