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This article draws on discussions in Leo Zaibert Five Ways Patricia can Kill Her Husband: A Theory of Intentionality and Blame (Chicago: Open Court, 2005), and in Barry Smith, “The Ontology of Social Reality” American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 62 (2003): 285-[^309]: [^1] See for example R. M. Hare’s Freedom and Reason, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963; A. J.

Ayer’s Language, Truth and Logic , New York: Dover, 1952 ; and Ludwig Wittgenstein, “ A Lecture on Ethics”, The Philosophical Review, 74: 3-[^12]: [^2] Amongst the most important contributions to the field of social ontology we find: Michael Bratman, Faces of Intention, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; Margaret Gilbert’s On Social Facts, London: Routledge; 1989, John R.

Searle’s The Construction of Social Reality¸ New York: Free Press 1995, and his Rationality in Action, Cambridge, Ma.: MIT Press, 2001; Raimo Tuomela’s The Importance of Us: A Philosophical Study of Basic Social Notions, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1995, and The Philosophy of Social Practices: A Collective Acceptance View, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, [^2002]: [^3] We shall follow Searle’s lead in accepting a distinction between social and institutional reality.

According to Searle institutional facts are a subset of social facts, characterized by the fact that they involve the transmission, cessation, or creation of power, whereas social facts do not directly relate to power. See John R. Searle, The Construction of Social Reality, New York: Free Press, 1995, 38, 79 ff. Searle rejects, however, the idea of a sharp distinction between these two classes in 88 ff. [^4] H. L. A Hart, The Concept of Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd.

Edition, [^1997]: [^5] H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law, op. cit., 250 ff. [^6] See, H. L. A. Hart, The Concept of Law, op. cit., 56 ff., 141 ff. [^7] Rawls, John, “Two Concepts of Rules”, reprinted in John Rawls: Collected Papers, Samuel Freeman (ed.) Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999: 20-[^46]: [^8] Rawls, John, A Theory of Justice, revised edition, Cambridge, Ma.: Belknap Press, [^1999]: [^9] John Rawls, “ Two Concepts of Rules”, op.