motive faculty (al-quwwat al-muharrikah, q.

motive faculty (al-quwwat al-muharrikah, q.v.) and cognitive faculty (al-quwwat al-mudrikah, q.v.) each one of which has many kinds of sub-classes. al-nafs al-falakiyah The celestial or heavenly soul; the view that celestial spheres, i.e. stars and planets, have souls and intelligences was subscribed to by almost all the Muslim philosophers, for it had the overwhelming authority of Aristotle behind it. See al-‘uqul al-‘asharah.

al-nafs al-kulliyah The universal soul inclusive of all the individual souls; corresponds to the Psyche of Plotinus (Fulutin, q.v. or al-Shaikh al-Yunani, q.v.). al-nafs al-lawwamah “The self-accusing soul”: an expression in the Holy Qur’an (75:2) for the second stage in the spiritual and moral growth of man at which the slightest departure from the path of rectitude at once brings the pricks of conscience. See also al-nafs al-ammarah and al-nafs al-mutma’innah.

al-nafs al-mutma’innah “The soul at peace”, an expression used in the Holy Qur’an (89:27) in connection with the three stages in the spiritual development of man: (1) the animal stage of al-nafs al-ammarah (q.v.); (2) the human stage of al-nafs al-lawwamah (q.v.) and (3) the heavenly or spiritual stage of al-nafs al-mutma’innah.

At this last stage, man because of a perfectly righteous life, is rewarded by God with an unspeakable peace of mind, almost a state of paradise on earth -hence the Qur’anic verses: “And thou, O soul at peace (al-nafs al-mutma’innah)! return to thy Lord well pleased with Him and He will pleased with thee. So enter thou among My chosen servants and enter thou My Garden" (89:27-30).

al-nafs al-nabatiyah "The vegetable soul or mind" possessed of three powers or faculties: (1) nutritive power (al-quwwat al-ghadhiyah, q.v.)by which it changes another body into the form of the animal body into which it resides; (2) the power of growth (al-quwwat al-namiyah, q.v.) by which the animal body increases without changing its form till it attains full maturity; and power of reproduction (al-quwwat al-muwallidah, q.v.) which draws from the body a part similar to itself in potentiality capable of producing other bodies similar to it in actuality.

nuqlah Change or movement of a body from one place to another, technically called harakah fi’l-ain (q.v.).